Evidence gap map
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A growing body of evidence shows that people with disabilities have historically been denied their sexual and reproductive health rights, despite having the same sexual and reproductive health needs as people without disabilities, and continue to face many barriers to accessing these lifesaving services.1
This evidence gap map, developed as part of the UK Department for International Development’s Women’s Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health (WISH) programme, collates evidence on ‘what works’ to enable access to sexual reproductive health services for persons with disabilities in low and middle-income countries.
Confidence level
High confidence
Medium confidence
Low confidence
Handbook (not rated)
Region
Any
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East and North America
South Asia
Sub Saharan Africa
Country
Any
East Asia and Pacific
Cambodia
Fiji
Indonesia
Kiribati
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.
Lao PDR
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
Mongolia
Myanmar
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Europe and Central Asia
Kyrgyz Republic
Moldova
Tajikistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Latin America and Caribbean
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Middle East and North America
Djibouti
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Morocco
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
Turkey
West Bank and Gaza
Yemen, Rep.
South Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sub Saharan Africa
Angola
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep.
Côte d'Ivoire
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Principe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Uruguay
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Methodology
Any
Case study
Cross-sectional research
Experimental / quasi-experimental
Handbook
Mixed methods
Observational research
Operational research
Participatory research
Qualitative research
Survey
Systematic review
Other factors
Any
Young people
Refugees
Conflict affected area
Females only
Males only
Males and females
Parents, guardians and caretakers
Knowledge and Attitudes
Knowledge and Attitudes
Behaviours
Behaviours
Health
Health
Access to services
Access to services
Enabling environment
Enabling environment
| Type of impairment | Education | Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from health care workers | Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from persons with disability themselves | Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from the community | Sexual behaviour and sexual pleasure | Sexual orientation | Contraception and other prevention | Menstrual hygiene | Communication and support seeking | Pregnancy and births and maternal health | Access to information/ increased knowledge/awareness of rights | Abortion and post abortion care and forced sterilisation | HIV/STI testing and incidence prevention | Sexual and intimate partner violence, gender-based violence | Other health outcomes | Accessing and utilising services | Providers and service quality and after care | Caregivers and family | Community, CBOs, NGOs and DPOs | Confidentiality | Disagragated data/ Data | Donors / Government | Laws, policies and advocacy | Livelihoods/ costs | Marital status/long term partner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auditory | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Cognition | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Communication | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Mental health | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Mobility | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Vision | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
| Pan-Disability | 0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
0 0 0 0 |
Knowledge and Attitudes
Education
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from health care workers
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from persons with disability themselves
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Stigma: negative attitudes / discrimination from the community
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Knowledge and Attitudes
Behaviours
Sexual behaviour and sexual pleasure
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Sexual orientation
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Contraception and other prevention
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Menstrual hygiene
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Communication and support seeking
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Behaviours
Health
Pregnancy and births and maternal health
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Access to information/ increased knowledge/awareness of rights
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Abortion and post abortion care and forced sterilisation
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
HIV/STI testing and incidence prevention
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Sexual and intimate partner violence, gender-based violence
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Other health outcomes
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Health
Access to services
Accessing and utilising services
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Providers and service quality and after care
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Access to services
Enabling environment
Caregivers and family
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Community, CBOs, NGOs and DPOs
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Confidentiality
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Disagragated data/ Data
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Donors / Government
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Laws, policies and advocacy
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Livelihoods/ costs
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Marital status/long term partner
| Auditory: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Cognition: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Communication: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mental health: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Mobility: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Vision: |
0
0
0
0
|
| Pan-Disability: |
0
0
0
0
|
Enabling environment
